本篇论文快速导航：
题目：汤和人生经历视野下的中央集权探究
绪论：汤和视角下朱元璋集权制度研究绪论
第一章：汤和其人其事
2.1：从汤和备倭看明初的海防政策
2.2：从汤和主动致仕看朱元璋屠戮功臣
2.3：从汤和不恋赏赐看朱元璋的反腐政策
2.4：从汤和晚年言行恭谨看明初的特务政治
第三章：明初中央集权制度的影响及经验教训
结语/参考文献：明初中央集权政策研究结语与参考文献
　　目 录
　　
　　中文摘要
　　
　　Abstract
　　
　　绪 论
　　
　　（一）论文选题的理由或意义
　　
　　1.选题来源
　　
　　2.选题意义
　　
　　（二）国内外关于该问题的研究趋势
　　
　　1.对于汤和生平的研究
　　
　　2.对于明初中央集权制度的研究
　　
　　一、汤和其人其事
　　
　　（一）参加朱元璋集团之前的汤和
　　
　　1.成功岂无凭
　　
　　2.坚定的起义者
　　
　　3.深邃的观察者
　　
　　（二）南征北战时期的汤和
　　
　　1.战场屡立功
　　
　　2.处事有谋略
　　
　　（三）明开国之后的汤和
　　
　　二、从汤和经历看明初政治
　　
　　（一）从汤和备倭看明初的海防政策
　　
　　1.明初沿海局势
　　
　　2.明初海防政策
　　
　　3.汤和防御倭寇的事迹
　　
　　4.明初东南沿海采取防御政策的原因
　　
　　（二）从汤和主动致仕看朱元璋屠戮功臣
　　
　　1.汤和主动致仕的原因
　　
　　2.朱元璋屠戮功臣的原因
　　
　　3.朱元璋屠戮功臣事件及影响
　　
　　4.沐英、耿炳文、汤和幸存的原因
　　
　　（三）从汤和不恋赏赐看朱元璋的反腐政策
　　
　　1.汤和不贪恋赏赐的的相关表述
　　
　　2.朱元璋重典反腐
　　
　　3.从汤和退田看反腐成效
　　
　　4.重典反腐的负面效应
　　
　　（四）从汤和晚年言行恭谨看明初的特务政治
　　
　　1.明初特务制度概况
　　
　　2.无所不在的锦衣卫
　　
　　3.汤和归乡后的状况
　　
　　三、明初中央集权制度的影响及经验教训
　　
　　（一）顺应历史发展的集权政策
　　
　　（二）逆潮流而动的集权政策
　　
　　1.屠杀功臣政策
　　
　　2.特务政治
　　
　　3.海禁政策
　　
　　四、由朱元璋反腐政策得到的启示
　　
　　结 语
　　
　　参考文献
　　
　　致谢


　　中文摘要
　　
　　汤和（1326 - 1395），明朝开国功勋之一。他从公元 1352 年参加红巾军开始，南征北战十余年，明朝建立后，他又以开国元勋的身份如履薄冰的生活了27 年。所以，汤和是元末农民大起义到明初（明洪武二十七年）这段历史时期的重要见证者。这个时期大大小小的事件他都经历或者见证过。无论对于我们研究明初中央集权制度的必要性还是其具体政策，都有着举足轻重的作用。汤和的一生可以如此概述：洞若观火、急流勇退、防微杜渐、如履薄冰。而汤和人生中的重大事件皆与朱元璋中央集权政策都密不可分。
　　
　　洪武十六年（1383）汤和受朱元璋之命到沿海备倭，他筑起了 59 座城，用以抵御倭寇与《武备志》中记载的朱元璋修建海堡是相吻合的，因此汤和备倭可以说是明太祖朱元璋海防建设的一个缩影，其中不难看出，由于建立伊始，国内外诸事未定，明朝的统治根基还不是非常的稳固，所以对于荼毒中国沿海地区的倭寇问题，明朝廷只能放弃主动出击，消灭敌人而采取守势。以不变应万变。
　　
　　洪武二十一年（1388）老迈的朱元璋疑心甚重，不希望军权长期把持在武将手中，汤和洞察出了朱元璋的本意，于是主动提出致仕，朱元璋听后十分高兴，立刻命官府在中都修建府宅，并赐予汤和许多财物。但是其他的开国功臣们却没有汤和这样的远见，贪恋权位惨遭屠戮。
　　
　　汤和还乡之后约束子孙家奴，规范行为，对待邻里的态度和蔼。他清楚，朱元璋没有放松对自己的监视，所以他每天都是饮酒享乐，从不与官员打交道，完全一副富贵翁之态，因而让朱元璋很放心。显示出他在集权专制统治下有谋略的一面。
　　
　　中国历史上对待贪腐问题制裁最为严厉的是朱元璋。这位出身于社会最底层的人对世间人情冷暖有着最深刻的了解。在他登基之后，曾多次告诫属下：“天下初定，百姓财力俱困，譬如初飞之鸟，不可拔其羽，新植之木，不可摇其根，要在安养生息之”尽管朱元璋把话说得如此明白了，但是以身试法的官员仍层出不穷，为了遏止贪腐，朱元璋一改“刑新国用轻典”的做法，而是把惩治贪官作为国家头等大事，大开杀戒，令当时的官场为之一空。觉察出朱元璋本意的汤和从不贪恋赏赐，每次获得皇帝的赏赐，都会把大部分分给乡亲。给别人的第一印象就是汤和这个人不贪财，或者表面看上去不怎么贪财。
　　
　　朱元璋企图通过严酷的法律，来澄清当时昏聩的吏治，达到净化官场的目的，扶助民生，努力发展社会生产，缩小贫富差距，从而最大程度的缓和当时的社会矛盾。
　　
　　洪武元年（1368）至洪武三十一年（1398），朱元璋以缓和社会矛盾为出发点，实施了诸如严惩贪官、整饬吏治、保障民生、发展生产等对国家有益的政策。
　　
　　这一时期内国家也向着良好方向发展。但是，朱元璋执政晚期，刚愎自用、残忍暴戾，为巩固其集权统治，不惜兴起党狱，大肆屠戮勋臣，“胡蓝党案”牵扯甚多，最终造成“明初勋臣为之一空的局面”,幸存的功臣也惶惶不可终日。“时京官每旦入朝，必与妻子诀，及暮无事，则相庆以为又活一日”.
　　
　　明朝上层社会弥漫着恐怖的气氛。朱元璋为了加强皇权，胡惟庸案后毅然废除了在中国存在了两千多年的丞相制度，将相权收归己有，但由于失去宰相的辅佐，政府的办事效率普遍较低，致使到了永乐朝能采用内阁制度，也造成了后来“内阁”主政的局面，以至于权利皆把持于宰辅手中。使后来的权臣和宦官专权现象迭起，导致明末民乱纷起。这些都给后人留下了深刻的警示。
　　
　　关键词：备倭；反腐；屠杀
　　
　　Abstract
　　
　　Tang he（1326-1395）， one of the Ming dynasty founding feats. He from AD 1352 toparticipate in the red army began and fighting for more than ten years, after the Mingdynasty set up, and he as the founding fathers are treading on thin ice with 27 years oflife. So, soup and is at the end of the yuan to the Ming uprising Ming （27 years） animportant witness this historical period. In this period, large and small events or hehad seen. No matter for us to research Ming centralized system is the necessity of itsspecific policies, has a pivotal role. Soup and description of life can be so: 'spoilers,profession and preventive, are treading on thin ice. Tang he a major event in life withZhu Yuanzhang centralized policy are inseparable.
　　
　　Hongwu sixteen years （1383） the lives of soup and by Zhu Yuanzhang to coastalbonobo, 59 he built cities, to resist the enemy with “armament is recorded by zhuyuanzhang built fort sea is consistent, so the soup and prepare bonobo is zhuyuanzhang a microcosm of the construction of the coastal defense, it is not hard to see,because the building at the start of things to be decided at home and abroad, the Mingdynasty's ruling foundation is not very stable, so for the pillaging enemy problem inChina's coastal area, Ming dynasty can only give up the initiative, to destroy theenemy and on the defensive. In constant change.
　　
　　Hongwu （1388） 21 years old is very suspicious of Zhu Yuanzhang, do not want therump of the long-term gain control in the hands of a warrior, Tanghe insight into theZhu Yuanzhang's original intention, then offered ZhiShi, zhu yuanzhang listen to veryhappy, immediately command the government in building mansions, and Tanghemany possessions. But other founding boosters have no soup and such foresight, lustafter power were slaughtered.
　　
　　Tanghe constraints after the return of the native sons of slaves, standardize behavior,attitude towards the neighborhood kind. He knew that Zhu Yuanzhang did not relax toown monitoring, so he is drinking to celebrate every day, never deal with officials, awealth of tai weng, completely and is at ease let zhu yuanzhang. Showed his powerside are under the centralized authoritarian rule.
　　
　　Treat corruption in China's history the most severe sanctions is Zhu Yuanzhang.
　　
　　This comes from the poorest members of society has the most profound understandingof the world human sentiment changes in temperature. After he began to reign, hasrepeatedly warned subordinates: ”at the beginning of the world, the people of thefinancial burden, such as the early birds fly, do not pull out its feathers, new plant ofwood, not the root, completed in nursing of interest-bearing“ although Zhu Yuanzhangwords so understand, but who tested officials still emerge in endlessly, in order tocurb corruption, Zhu Yuanzhang changed the practice of ”punishment new countrieswith light“, but punishing corrupt officials as a national priority, kill, makes theofficialdom is one of the empty. See that zhu yuanzhang intention of soup and neverlusted after a reward, get the emperor's reward each time, will be assigned to mostfolks. The first impression to others is soup and this person is not greedy, don't lookhow greedy or surface.
　　
　　Zhu yuanzhang through harsh laws, an attempt to clarify the incompetentmanagement, achieve the purpose of purifying officialdom, helped the people'slivelihood, efforts to develop social production, narrow the gap between rich and poor,to ease social contradictions at that time to a great extent.
　　
　　The first year of hongwu （1368） to the hongwu thirty-one years （1398）， ZhuYuanzhang to ease social contradictions as a starting point, implemented such aspunish corrupt officials, overhauling management, safeguard the people's livelihood,development, production and other beneficial to national policy. During the sameperiod, the state also toward the good direction. But, Zhu Yuanzhang ruling late,domineering, cruel cruel, to consolidate its authoritarian rule, at the rise of the prison,wantonly slaughter schoenberg, ”hu“ blue party involved, resulting in ”Mingdecorated minister is one of the empty situation“, surviving the weight also. ”Whenkyou-kan per denier into the, will be travelling with his wife, and the sunset, werecelebrating their live another day“.
　　
　　Ming dynasty upper-class pervaded the atmosphere of terror. In order to strengthenthe imperial power, Zhu Yuanzhang Hu Weiyong after resolutely abolished the primeminister system exist in China for over two thousand years, will back to your own, butas a result of loss of prime minister, while the government's efficiency is generallylow, can only use the cabinet system, also caused the later situation by the ”cabinet“,so that the rights are dominated in ZaiFu hands. Make later worthies and eunuchsauthoritarian phenomenon occurs repeatedly, the result in the late Ming dynastypeople were struggling. These are impressed warning to the future generations.
　　
　　Keywords: For Japanese;Anti-corruption; slaughter返回本篇论文导航【文章来源：金英文案】

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